Digital Divide Essays - Digital Media, NetDay, Non-profit Technology

Digital Divide The Digital Define is the distance between the people who have adequate access to technology and those who do not. As teachers, we have numerous avenues through which we can assist in narrowing the gap of the Digital Divide. Some suggestions are the following: 1. Gather teaching materials through sources such as: www.pbs.org/digitaldivide/about.html www.pbs.org/digitaldivide/learning.html www.siliconvallydigitaldivide.net www.ed.gov/free www.fcs.gov/resources.html 1-800-257-5126 2. Donate a computer, obtain a donated computer, or upgrade an obsolete one. Many organizations have been developed to assist in this task; a few are as follows: Share the Technology - www.sharetechnology.org Computers for Learning www.computers.fed.gov NewDeal www.newdealine.com Heaven www.heavens.org 3. Keep informed about the most recent government initiatives, as well as what politicians and government officials have to say. A variety of Web sites can aid you in this undertaking; some are listed here: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology www.ed.gov/Technology Federal Communications Commission www.fcc.gov.major.html Closing the Digital Divide www.digitaldivide.gov The National Telecommunications and Information Administration www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html The Digital Divide Network www.digitaldividenetwork.org 4. Investigate the community access centers (CACs) in your area and spread the word about their availability. CACs include places such as libraries, community centers, schools, and other public-access locations. 5. Learn about model initiatives successful models. A few projects include: The Digital Divide Project www.washington.edu/wto/digital/resources/html NetDay www.netday.org Alliance for Community Technology www.communitytechnology.org The Foundry www.thefoundry.org The Village Foundation www.villagefoundation.org/PROGRAMS/pathways/technology/index.html PowerUP: Bridging the Digital Divide www.powerup.org The Maine Laptop Program Lightspan, Inc. www.lightspan.com Plugged In www.pluggedin.org Neighborhood Network www.hud.gov/nnwnnwindex.html 6. Explore opportunities for corporate support. A good place to start is www.wested.org/tie/grant.html#corporate. This site has a list of corporate and foundation funding sources and other grant related resources. The model initiative I chose to investigate is NetDay. NetDay is a project connecting students and their teachers in under-served communities with the necessary resources to facilitate learning through education technology. From this site, NetDay Compass is accessible. NetDay Compass is a teachers guide to educational technology resources. There are sections on developing technology plans, technology infrastructure, grant and funding, classroom support, and model high tech schools. Here teachers will find the information they need to include technology in education and narrow the gap of the digital divide. In the three years I have been teaching in Louisiana, I have seen numerous incidents of digital divide. However, one particular incident stands out in my mind the most. Last year, I had a Financial Math class made up of mostly juniors and seniors. I had never really though about students not having access to the Internet or much less a computer. We had just finished a unit on hiring expenses, when I decide to have the students complete a mock job search. I gave them a list of web sites and asked them to go home and find a job add and bring it back the next day. To my surprise, most of the student brought adds from the newspaper, which was perfectly fine, but it peaked my curiosity. I started inquiring why they had clipped the articles instead of clicking for them. Come to find out, only about ? of the 26 student class had access to the Internet away from school. I was astonished. In addition, the students that had used the Internet to job hunt tended to bring in more professional typ e job interest as compared to the students who used the newspaper. Was this just a coincidence or are the students without Internet access limited in their employment opportunities? The conclusion I have reached scares me! Computers and Internet

Implications of Watching Foreign Movies Essay Essays

Implications of Watching Foreign Movies Essay Essays Implications of Watching Foreign Movies Essay Essay Implications of Watching Foreign Movies Essay Essay Abstraction This survey looked at the relationship between watching foreign movie. play. or assortment show wonts and the students’ academic public presentations. To find whether its exposure benefitted the pupils or non. a dependable research has to be conducted. Sing student’s differences factors and schemes while analyzing. the consequences might be differ from many facets. The single accomplishments include how frequent they watch the film. how long they spent their clip and what types of amusement that they favored the most. An statement about the utilizations of ocular AIDSs such film shows and others can heighten the academic public presentations will be settled on after the consequences of this survey had been processed. A pilot survey was conducted foremost to look into whether there was any job sing this issue. About 3 to 5 pupils were tested. Finally a study was conducted at the boys’ and girls’ inns in Kolej Profesional MARA Indera Mahkota where 40 pupils consist of 15 male pupils and 25 female pupils. This study was conducted by administering a set of questionnaires to all the respondents. In general. this survey was a large success where bulk of the pupils agreed that this method of larning can heighten their academic public presentations. Weaving up. several suggestion. sentiment and recommendations were recorded in the finishing portion of the study. Recognitions I would wish to show my particular thanks to my adviser. Madam Jamilah Binti Abdul Manan. who provided me with elaborate and insightful feedback for every bill of exchange. who spent an tremendous sum of clip reading and redacting my probe. and more significantly. who set an illustration for me to be a prudent presenter. I besides want to thank her for her encouragement and aid throughout the full alumnus plan. I would besides wish to thank my household particularly my aunty. Nooraini Binti Abdul Wahab for her aid and suggestions in assisting me to better understand the construct of ocular survey and etc. Besides. I want to thank my parents for their great encouragement throughout the authorship of this research. I want to offer a enormous thank you to all my friends and anyone who has lending themselves in this survey. I will retrieve your forbearance and aid in assisting me finish this plan. I treasure your friendly relationship and support. 1. 0. Introduction 2. 1. Background of the Study Watching films and play has been a tendency today in students’ life particularly in KPMIM. This wont does act upon the student’s consequence in academic surveies. By practising this avocation. pupils manage to make full their free clip. But the inquiry is what the deductions of this attitude are. Is it positive or negative impact towards the pupils themselves? A research has been done by Christine Canning Wilson from the Centre of Excellence for Research and Training. Higher Colleges of Technology. Abu Dhabi. In her research. it has been stated that audio-visual AIDSs can heighten the linguistic communication larning procedure. It said that note-taking surveies are less successful today. Alternatively of that. advanced ocular organisers such as educational pictures or any other related affairs helped the scholars improve comprehension and assistance in the keeping of information. Students besides like larning linguistic communication through the usage of picture. One of the consequence is scholars prefer action/entertainment movies in the schoolroom. In add-on. this shows that visuals can be used to assist heighten the significance of the message to be conveyed by the talkers. By supplying this sort of larning method. scholars may be benefitted by seeing immediate significance in footings of vocabulary acknowledgment in the first linguistic communication. Besides that. it is easier for them to clear up the message and clear up the effect of the narratives. However. persons process information in different ways. The schemes used by one scholar are likely to differ from another. Therefore. farther probe demands to be done in order to place the existent impact of watching movies/dramas and the relationship between these wonts towards the students’ academic public presentations will be resolved after the research has been carried out. 2. 2. Statement Of The Problem The debatable issue of this survey is to place the deductions of watching foreign films or movies towards pupils. Besides that. the addition or any lessening in academic public presentation will be observed and to be concluded after this survey has been completed. There is besides an statement that oppugning about either it is a sort of uneconomical activity for KPMIM pupils. So a dependable research needs to be carried out sing this issue. 2. 3. Purpose Of The Study Since watching films. play and assortment shows have been a tendency today in students’ life particularly in KPMIM ; there may be some effects for them peculiarly in academic public presentation. Apart from stacking up their free clip. a research needs to be done to look into whether it is a good or a uneconomical activity for them. The intent of the survey portrayed in this research study was to measure the either lectors and the pupils in instruction and larning procedure despite doing them easier to understand and memorise all the input during linguistic communication categories. Besides that. to do learning procedure more synergistic and gratifying so that the pupils would believe that instruction is non something that is excessively heavy and deadening. 2. 4. Objective Of The Study The aims of this survey are: 1. to happen out whether it is good activity during student’s leisure clip or non 2. to look into what is the relationship between this activity and students’ academic public presentation 3. to calculate out what types of movies/dramas that have been the students’ favorites 4. To do suggestion that it could be one of the effectual medium of acquisition or instruction. 2. 5. Research Question The questionnaires will be given to some random pupils at Kolej Profesional MARA. 40 respondents will reply this questionnaire based on the research undertaking. 15 of them were males and another 25 were the female pupils. The inquiry will be focus on what are the impacts of the wont. * Is watching movies/ play a good or waste type of avocation to pupils? * Does watching/movies truly assist the pupils in their academic surveies? * What is the favourite categories/type of movies/dramas that most of the pupils like? * Should it be implemented as a medium for learning and larning in instruction establishments? 2. 6. Significance Of The Study This determination will assist the lectors and pupils to be cognizant of acquisition and learning procedure can be easy done in a simple and effectual manner by utilizing ocular AIDSs. Furthermore. pupils will be managed to make full their agenda with some good activities alternatively of making nil. Apart from heightening the students’ involvement and enthusiasm in larning. pupils should be able to better their vocabulary and other accomplishments that are required in linguistic communication surveies such hearing accomplishment and speech production accomplishment. Authoritatively. this will assist the college to present the construct of entertaining while analyzing so that pupils can hold an gratifying environment while in the category possibly. Last but non least. to increase the academic public presentation in college by accommodating a new manner of survey for the pupils. 2. 7. Scope Of The Study The range of this research is that the respondents are 40 people of KPMIM pupils. 15 people of male pupils and another 25 are the female pupils. The solution or any recommendations about this subject will be decided after the information has been collected. 2. 0. Literature Reappraisal About few centuries ago linguistic communication is difficult to larn by mass of people. But a poet named Simonides has come out wit a great rule of larning which was ‘Words are the images of things’ . His statement was about likewise accurate as the celebrated great Aristotle perceptual experience. â€Å"Without image. thought is impossible† . From here. we can clearly seen that both statement support the rule of ocular AIDSs towards one’s ascertain and enlightening accomplishments. Ocular AIDS does heighten the linguistic communication larning procedure. Video is one of the ocular AIDSs that normally used by a instructor. lector or a presenter to educate and instrcut students. Videos at best defined as the choice and sequence of messages in an audio-visual context. Research by Herron. Hanley and Cole ( 1995 ) indicates that the ocular support in the signifier of descriptive images significantly improved comprehension tonss with linguistic communication pi ctures for English speech production pupils. The consequences of the survey indicate that extended hearing is facilitated by the profusion of the context that ocular organisers. such as educational picture. supply. Heron ( 1994 ) finds that advanced organisers based on pictures helped scholars better comprehension and assistance in the keeping of information. A recent large-scale study by Canning-Wilson ( 2000 ) suggests that the pupils like larning linguistic communication through the usage of picture. One of the consequences of her study shows that scholars prefer action/entertainment movies to linguistic communication movies or docudramas in the schoolroom. She states although these movies may look to keep student involvement. she believes that it could be inferred that pupil comprehension of the picture may be due to the ocular hints alternatively of the audile constituents. Heron. Hanley and Cole besides hypothesize that the more meaningful an advanced organiser is the more impact it can hold on comprehension and keeping. Their consequences of utilizing 12 different pictures with foreign linguistic communication scholars indicates that tonss improved when advanced organisers. such as a images and/or ocular stimulation. are used with the picture. Possibly the findings from these surveies can be attributed to the fact that picture offers contextual support and/or helps scholars to visualise words every bit good as significances. Persons process information in different ways. The schemes used by one scholar are likely to differ from those used by a different scholar. It has been proven that what benefits one group of scholars may really impede the public presentation of a different group of scholars ( Bovy. 1981 ) . Issues of the value of picture as a instruction tool are frequently questioned. Omaggio ( 1979 ) suggests that â€Å"the profession has virtually no empirical footing for advancing the usage of visuals as AIDSs to comprehension in the 2nd linguistic communication ; we know practically nil about how pupils benefit from visuals† ( 1979. p. 107 ) . Recently. in a talk on the usage of visuals in research. Canning-Wilson ( 2000 ) claims that the usage of illustrations. visuals. images. perceptual experiences. mental images. figures. feelings. similitudes. sketchs. charts. graphs. colourss. reproduction. reproductions. or anything else used to assist one see an immediate significance in the linguistic communication may profit the scholar by assisting to clear up the message. provided the ocular plants in a positive manner to heighten or supplement the linguistic communication point. She reports that images contextualized in picture or on its ain can assist to reenforce the linguistic communication. provided the scholar can see immediate significance in footings of vocabulary acknowledgment in the first linguistic communication. Furthermore. her research suggests that visuals can be used to assist heighten the significance of the message seeking to be conveyed by the talkers through the usage of paralinguistic cues. Last but non least. extra factors must be considered when looking at picture as an instructional medium to learn a foreign or 2nd linguistic communication. Balatova’s surveies indicated that ocular cues found in pictures were enlightening and enhanced comprehension in general. but did non needfully excite the apprehension of a text. It was besides found that learning with picture had some affectional advantages. If the consequences of their findings are true and the same consequences can be replicated. possibly practicians will no longer hold to trust entirely on anecdotal grounds. . 3. 0. Research Methodology 4. 8. Introduction This subdivision discusses the methodological analysis of the research. The chief intent of the research is to look into the relationship between watching films. play or assortment shows and the academic public presentation among KPMIM pupils. Does it truly impact the educational result or non? Besides that. to measure the pupils and lectors in learning or larning process apart from doing them easier to absorb. distinguish and memorise the full thing that they should. The information for the research were collected through questionnaires distribution. 4. 9. Research Instruments This research utilized both the quantitative and qualitative research methodological analysis. The instrument used to roll up informations was questionnaires. A set of questionnaires incorporating 13 inquiries divided into 2 parts. Different types of inquiries such as ranking. yes – no inquiries. listing and were used in the questionnaires. The questionnaires were piloted to five pupils to measure its cogency before it was distributed. The qualitative information for the research come at open-ended inquiries. 4. 10. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the survey were several pupils at Kolej Profesional Mara Indera Mahkota. KPMIM. In March 2012. a sum of 40 questionnaires were distributed to pupils indiscriminately. 4. 11. Research Procedure Before the existent informations aggregation stage. a pilot survey was conducted to measure the cogency of the research instruments. A sum of five pupils were involved in the pilot survey chosen at indiscriminately at Kolej professional Mara Indera Mahkota. During the existent survey. the questionnaires were distributed at assorted locations on campus such as library. cafe . categories and residence halls. 4. 12. Datas Analysis To analyse the information. a several variables were taken into consideration viz. the continuance. effectivity. frequency of the pupils watching their favorite film. play or assortment shows. and from which states. besides that. major immpacts of this survey were besides been questioned. For illustrations. does it better student’s vocab and lexis in Hagiographas. develop originative thought. concluding accomplishment and crtical reappraisal and assist pupils to concentrate in category. The informations were saved into the computing machine utilizing Microsoft Excel package. Consequences were presented through frequence counts and other descriptive statistics. The informations were transcribed consequently. 4. 0. Findingss and Discussion This subdivision will discourse the consequences of the research that had been done to find whether it is an effectual manner as a method of acquisition and instruction towards KPMIM pupils. These findings received responses from 40 pupils which were 25 females and 15 males. FIGURE ANumber of Respondent ( Students ) Figure A shows the proportion of male and female pupils who were involved in this research. 15 of them were males and another 25 of them were the females. The amount of them were 40 and the per centum that has been calculated as shown in the figure above. FIGURE BPercentage of pupils who watch movies/ dramas/ assortment shows during free clip. Figure B shows how many of pupils watch their favorite shows during their leisure clip. Majority of them watch films and etc. during free clip. 100 per centum of male pupils did watch the films while 92 per centum of the female pupils who did the same thing. Merely few of the female pupils did non watch the films. play or assortment shows. Possibly because of unnecessarily fortunes. Figure C Types of amusement that largely watched by the pupils The figure above shows the type of amusements that largely watched by KPMIM pupils. To sum up. bulk of the respondents preffered assortment shows as their most favorite types of amusement. It is because it has been a phenomenon today. Not merely in KPMIM but all over Malaysia educational institutes. Possibly because the show is truly amusing and do them laugh every clip they watch it. However. it educates while entertaining. That is the most of import. Otherwise. the information for other type of amusements that prefferably watch by the pupils are shown in the figure above. Movies at the 2nd rank followed by life series as the 3rd and play was the least. Figure DForeign Entertainments that most Influential Based on the figure above. the well-influenced foreign amusement among male pupils in KPMIM is the Bollywood followed by English. Korean and Nipponese as the least. The ground why they chose Bollywood as their favoured foreign amusement. it is because the attention-getting wordss from pleasant vocals and it teaches a batch of moral and values. For the female respondents. bulk of them pick English as their favorite amusement followed by Korean. Bollywood and Nipponese. FIGURE EFrequencies of Sudents watch their Favored Shows As shown in the figure above. the female pupils frequently watch their favorite shows for merely 3 times a hebdomad whereas the male pupils watch their preffered amusements 7 times a hebdomad which is mundane. FIGURE FTime spending for each Sessionss From the figure above. it is shown that bulk of the male pupils spend their clip about 4 to 5 hours for each session. For the female pupils. they merely spent approximately 3 to 4 hours for their leisure film times. This shows the females were good in pull offing their times compared tom the males. Notwithstanding. every bit long as the shows that they watched conveying some benefits to them. it is alright. FIGURE GHelp them in bettering the Vocabs and Lexis in Wrtings Greater portion of the respondents agree with the hypothesis. ‘by watching films. play or assortment shows. they can better their vocabularies and lexis in their writings’ . When they watched foreign shows or films. they learned by reading the captions and happen the significance of words that they do non understand. By making that. although it looks like a slow manner of bettering their vocabs. it truly helps them in their scrutiny. Particularly in composing and talking accomplishments. FIGURE HDevelop Creative thought. Reasoning accomplishments and Critical Review For this subdivision. 98 per centum of the respondents agreed with the hypothesis by rehearsing this habbit. they can develop their originative thought. concluding accomplishments and critical reappraisal. Merely 2 per centum of them did non hold with the statement. The figure indicates that. bulk of them could develop some of the utile accomplishments particularly in linguistic communication categories. This means that watching films. play and assortment shows is non uneconomical activity during leisure clip. FIGURE IAssists to Focus and Improve Academic Performance Based on the figure above. 88 per centum of the pupils do hold with the hypothesis of by using this type of disposition. they tend to concentrate during categories. Merely minority of them. 15 per centum did non hold. Besides that. for certain. it will besides helping their academic public presentation. From this state of affairs. we can reason that this sort of pattern lead to success for the pupils whom put run through it. Open ended inquiry: â€Å"Visual Aids ( Movies/dramas/etc. ) should be one of the effectual mediums of acquisition or instruction because it brings a ton of advantages instead than disfavors† . Give your opinion/ remarks sing this issue. Please province the grounds why did you back up or oppose this statement. Based on all the anwers. most of them are all the positive remarks. This shown that. Ocular Aids such Movies. play. and etc. are truly should be implemented as one of the effectual mediums of acquisition and instruction in any KPMIM since it bequeath tonss of benefit instead than disfavours. 5. 0. Decision This research investigated the relationship between the methods of utilizing ocular AIDSs as larning procedure and the academic public presentation towards KPMIM pupils. Primary informations were collected by randomly with administering a set of questionnaires to 40 pupils. As has been mentioned earlier in the debut. the intent of this survey was to look into the effectivity of utilizing ocular AIDSs in instruction and acquisition towards the academic public presentation of pupils The undermentioned conlusions can be drawn based on the findings of the survey: 1. This survey shows that watching movies/ dramas/ assortment shows. pupils managed to execute good in their academic public presentation. 2. By practising this wont. students can better their vocabularies and lexis in Hagiographas alternatively of developing their originative thought. critical reappraisals and concluding accomplishments. 3. Last of all. this method of acquisition and instruction is ought to be implemented in ev ery educational establishments. The consequences of this survey indicate that learning and larning by utilizing ocular AIDSs as a method compulsarily implemented in KPMIM particularly in English topic. This is because after a thorough survey has been investigated. it conveying a a batch more benefits instead than hurt to pupils or even lectors. However. this findings are merely true for KPMIM pupils. The same survey demands to be done with pupils from other educational institutes to see if there are any similarities with the impact of watching foreign films. play and assortment shows habit towards the academic public presentations. 6. 0RECOMMENDATIONS6. 1Recommendations based on Findingss Based on the findings and decisions of the survey. here are several recommendations to be considered: 1. Ocular Aids such ( Movie Reviews / Documentaries /etc. ) should be one of the effectual mediums of acquisition because it brings a ton of advantages instead than disfavours. 2. Educators are besides counseled to utilize this method of learning as it makes enlightening treat more simpler. ice chest. synergistic and valuable. 6. 2Recommendations for Future Research Since this survey merely focussed on KPMIM pupils. it is extremely recommended that farther reseach be carried out for other pupils from another colleges or universities to research whether there might some differences in the survey or similarities in the findings. Besides that. the execution of this method of acquisition and instruction could be the worldwide most effectual manner in learning English because it is indispensable for all walks of life. Last. M. O. E or any other parties could leave some disbursals and supply new hi-tech installations to all instruction establishment. Bibliography * Richard Cameron A ; Dolati Roman. ( 2010 ) . Harnessing the Use of Visual Learning Aids in the English Language Classroom. Retrieved December 15th. 2010 from the Arab World English Journal. * Koren. S. ( 1996 ) . Vocabulary direction through hypertext: Are at that place advantages over conventional methods of learning? . TESL-EJ. 4 ( 1 ) . 1- 14. * Mayer. R. A ; Simes. V. ( 1994 ) . For whom is a image worth a 1000 words? Extensions of a dual–coding theory of multimedia acquisition. Journal of Educational Technology. 86. 389-401. * The Internet TESL Journal. Vol. VI. No. 11. November 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //iteslj. org/

Critical review of a textbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical review of a textbook - Essay Example Human beings are singular and unique hence their choices also boil down to personal preferences. Essentially, the authors make an assumption that every person is a sexual being and it forms an integral part of every person either consciously or unconsciously. According to (Myerson 2007), the basis of human sexuality is the gender of person. The way a person chooses to experience and express their sexuality is also dependent on social factors on top of their biological nature. Thus, the authors agree that sexuality is an individual decision and it can not be forced on a person. It is also evident that human sexuality is self discovery process which and people define their sexuality at different times in their lives. (Rathus et al 2005) note that gender roles in some cultures dictate the ways in which males and females are expected to behave. However, the authors agree that these roles are not necessary right and individuals have the freedom to decide their sexuality even if it may con flict with the expectations of the society. Rathus et al (2005) stated that the society prescribes gender roles and gender identities based purely on the sex of the person. This implies that one is assigned social roles and stereotypes based purely on their biological sex. In this regard boys and girls are treated in a different ways. For instance, the authors point out that gender typing begins from the naming of children. Girls are inclined to engage in motherhood roles only while boys play masculine roles. The effect of this is a person grows in a predefined gender identity based on their biological make up. However, it should be noted that gender identity and roles transcend the confines of biological make up in terms of X and Y chromosomes. (McDonald p.45) argues that although sex is predefined by the biological composition of chromosomes in a person, gender is not necessarily imposed on a person. Gender typing can be biased if it is only based on the biological aspects of a pe rson. Gender identity can either be due to a person’s perceived or actual sex. Therefore, it is possible for sexism to arise if the issue of gender is imposed on people based only on their sex disregarding other factors that can shape the sexuality of a person. In fact, the authors point out that the traditional gender stereotyping based only on the sex of an individual may leave out the transsexualism, intersexualism, and hermophroditism. This implies that gender typing leaves out the people who transgress from the traditional gender brackets that are narrowly defined by the biologically. Rathus et al point that there is cross-cultural evidence on gender typing based on long held gender stereotypes. Children are socialized to behave in gender defined roles and they differentially prepared for adulthood. As noted by (Simoni 2000), some parents impose gender roles by rewarding gender –typical roles in children and punishing behavior that is inconsistent with the predefi ned gender roles. Further examination of Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity indicates that the authors are inclined towards a liberal position in relation to gender identity and gender roles. This calls into question the traditional views of masculinity and femininity which need to be reconstructed in order to be reflective of individual perspectives (Phillips 457). According to the book, sexual orientation is the direction of one’s sexual interests. This can be towards members of the same sex, members of the other sex or both.

Insurance Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Anomie and a Bananafish's Liberation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anomie and a Bananafish's Liberation - Essay Example Yet the actual theme is not Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), mental disorder, weird in-laws, or suicide. This paper will explore a deeper theme, specifically anomie, based on an analysis of the relationships among the characters, the depth of the characters, and the fragmented interactive reality within which Seymour Glass responds. This paper will furthermore justify an even deeper theme: redemption. We are first introduced to the self-centered, superficial wife of Seymour Glass followed by exposure to the highly neurotic mother-in-law. Seymour and Muriel are on a vacation together, but do not seem to be connecting much. Muriel had to wait for a phone call to go through due to heavy telephone traffic at the hotel. The author tells us that she â€Å"used the time, though† (Salinger 1). If I were to use that phrase, the meaning would be much different. I would be implying that something important had been accomplished. Muriel, however, smoked a number of cigarettes, read a trashy article, and attended personal grooming. Judging from the telephone call between Muriel and her mother, it seems their relationship is based on neurotic control games, vicious gossip, and unsupportive advice. Muriel cannot finish a sentence without being cut off by her mother who really has nothing helpful or interesting to say. She claims to be concerned for her daughter’s welfare, yet she shows no real interest in her daughter’s feelings or assessments. Muriel patronizes her mother, using coping mechanisms (keeping the phone angled away from her ear, and confirming that she is listening, for example) (1). This relationship is based on dysfunctional habits and codependence. The trendy topic of the moment, interspersed with nasty comments about others, is Seymour, specifically about how dangerous he is, or isn’t, and how urgent the current situation seems to be, or not. Muriel seems more bothered by her husband’s refusal to remove his bathrobe th an she is about him wrecking her father’s car, referring to Muriel as â€Å"Miss Spiritual Tramp of 1948,† having an odd reaction to trees, interrogating Grandma about her death plans, or gifting his wife with a book of poems in a language she cannot read. Muriel is determined to enjoy her vacation and Seymour’s mentality is obviously not a significant consideration (2-3). Muriel is dressed in a white negligee, without undergarments, nails freshly painted. This might be interpreted as a sign of relationship readiness, yet they have a hotel room with twin beds (1). She is on a vacation with her husband whom she spends no time with. She could lie with him on the beach or she could sing with him at the piano, as he plays, but she elects to consult an alcoholic psychiatrist she does not know in a bar where they are drinking with a wife she despises, about a husband she also does not really know (4). Furthermore, it is clear that the consultation was extremely superf icial, involving no significant questions and answers. Seymour lies alone on the beach, his pale vulnerability perpetually protected by a bathrobe (5). His only friend is a four year old girl, Sybil. Sybil is from Connecticut, which I suspect may be a pun, used by the author to indicate the irony of this strange connection between Seymour and Sybil. It is a strange connection because Seymour’s and Sybil’s tone and flirtatious mannerisms are like what one might expect from a

CNS Involvement in GBS: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential

CNS Involvement in GBS: Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential BRAINSTEM AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL AS AN INDEX OF CNS DEMYELINATION IN GB SYNDROME Dr. Smita Singh*, Dr. Nitesh Mishra**, Dr. Shraddha Singh#, Dr. Sunita Tiwari## ABSTRACT: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbances. It mainly involves peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system. There are rare evidences about the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) in GBS. The main objective of the study was to assess the CNS involvement in GBS using the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP). The study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. Study group involved 26 subjects (n=26) having GBS and control group involved 30 normal subjects (n=30). BAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- EMG 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0. There was significant increase in PIII PV peak latencies and PI-PIII PI-PV interpeak l atencies in both left and right ear in the study group, which showed the CNS involvement in GBS which can be assessed using BAEP. Key words: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome, Central Nervous System, Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential INTRODUCTION: Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe and fulminant polyradicular neuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. GBS manifest as rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbances. The usual pattern is ascending paralysis i.e. weakness begins in distal limbs but rapidly advances to affect the proximal muscle functions. Lower cranial nerves are usually involved causing bulbar weakness and difficulty with handling secretions and maintaining airways. Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR) usually disappears with in 1st few days of onset. Bladder dysfunction if present is usually transient1. In severe cases of GBS autonomic involvement is common. Usual feature are loss of vasomotor control with wide fluctuation in blood pressure, postural hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias. Pain is another common feature of GBS most common is deep aching pain in weakened muscles. GBS shows mainly two types of pathophysiology, demyelinating form and axonal degeneration. Basis of demyelinating form is conduction block, which results in flaccid paralysis and sensory disturbances. Recovery is possible as remyelination occurs. Axonal degeneration shows slow rate of recovery and results in greater degree of residual disability. CSF shows albuminocytological dissociation that is elevated CSF protein level (100-1000gm/dl) without accompanying pleocytosis. CSF usually remains normal when duration of illness is less than 48 hours. CSF protein level increases at the end of first week of illness. Electrodiagnostic features are mild or absent in early stages and lag behind clinical evolution. Demyelinating form shows prolonged distal latencies, slow conduction velocities, conduction block and temporal dispersion of compound action potential. Axonal form shows decrease amplitude of compound action potential without conduction slowing and prolongation of latencies. There are several clinical, pathologic and electrophysiologic evidences that have established that GBS affects predominantly the peripheral nervous system. Focal demyelination of the Schwann cell derived myelin has been described. Neuropathologic and electrophysiologic evidences for involvement of central nervous system are rare. There are few studies2, 3, 4, 5, which have been performed to explore the involvement of CNS in GBS. However, there exists no study in the Indian environment regarding the same. The present study is an effort to explore the CNS involvement in GBS by measuring auditory evoked potentials. This test evaluates the integrity of auditory (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential) pathway by measuring evoked potentials. Evoked potentials are recorded as electronic impulses by surface electrodes attached to the scalp. A computer extracts these low amplitude impulses from background brain wave activity and averages the signals from repeated stimuli. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, produced by delivering clicks to the ear, and help to locate auditory lesions and evaluate brainstem integrity. MATERIAL METHODS: The study was conducted in the clinical neurophysiology lab in the department of physiology, CSMMU Lucknow. The subjects of study group were selected from neurology, pediatrics and medicine department of CSMMU Lucknow and selection of the subjects of study group had been done on the basis of detailed history, though clinical examination, laboratory investigations and clinically proven cases of GBS. Normal healthy controls were selected after through clinical examination and it was insured that they do not have any apparent clinical illness that may affect the evoked potentials. Clearance from the institutional ethical committee was obtained written informed consent had been taken from the entire subjects study and control group. The study was conducted on clinically diagnosed cases of GBS of both sexes. The subjects were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, and typical CSF profile (albuminocytological dissociation) and electrophysiological evidences of demyelination. Subjects having prior neurological illness, apparent hearing and visual impairment, AFP due to another cause were excluded from the study group. All the subjects of study and control group were tested under similar laboratory conditions. Subjects were given sufficient time to relax rapport had been established so that they feel comfortable and cooperate during investigation Recordings of BAEPS: BAEPS were recorded by Neuroperfect- EMG 2000 EMG/NCV/EPsytem. The EPs were recorded with disc electrode from standard scalp location. Electrode were placed at vertex (Cz, reference electrode) ,ipsilateral and contralateral mastoid process (Ai and Ac active electrode) and forehead (Fz, ground electrode) after proper cleaning the scalp or skin site with alcohol followed by EEG conducting paste For recording 2000 click stimuli at the rate of 11Hz/sec with duration of .1 ms were delivered at 70 dB. The other ear was masked by pure white noise at 40 dB. This click generated by passing 0.1 ms square pulses trough shielded headphone. Electrical impedance was kept less than 5 kilo ohm. Peak latencies of all the waves I., II, III, IV and V and interpeak latencies of I-III,II-V and I-V were determined for both right and left ears separately. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data so obtained were subjected to analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0. The data has been shown as mean ±SD, to compare the difference between the normal and healthy controls; â€Å"t† test for independent samples has been carried out. The confidence limit of the study was kept at 95%, hence a â€Å"p† value less than 0.05 denoted statistically significant difference. RESULTS: Table 1: Peak Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials for Left Right Ears ** p Table 2: Inter-peak latencies for BAEP for Left Right Ears * P DISCUSSION: Guillian Barre syndrome (GBS) is regarded as a predominantly motor neuropathy with transient or absent sensory features. Although the central nervous system is rarely involved, GBS associated with CNS, manifestations has been described in children by Okumura et. al (2002)6. and in adults by Maier H et. al. (1997)3, and Muller HD et. al.(2003)4 Maier H et. al. (1997)3 observed histopathological changes in CNS of GBS patients. He found infiltration of macrophages microglial cells and/or lymphocyte in different areas of central nervous system. Spinal cord and brainstem shows lymphocytic infiltration and microglial activation. Histopathological feature of CNS involvement is also observed by Muller HD et. al. (2003)4 in form of the cellular infiltration of spinal cord though not very significant and suggested CNS involvement in GBS occur, though rare. There are few studies which had demonstrated CNS (changes) lesion in GBS on neuroimaging. Nadkarni N et. al. (1993)7 observe MRI finding of CNS white matter lesion in patient of GBS who had developed symptoms of optic neuritis after plasmapharesis. These findings suggest there may be possibility of same antigenic mechanism of pathogenesis in CNS as well as peripheral nervous system. Okumura et. al. (2002)6 reported the clinical course and electrophysiological and neuroimaging of a patient of GBS associated with CNS lesion. He found mild slowing of background activities without paroxysmal discharge in electroencephalogram (EEG), mildly prolonged N2 latency with abnormal waveform in VEPs. BAEPs were unremarkable. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) there were multiple lesions in cortex and sub-cortex in the right occipital lobe and in the deep white matter in both frontal lobes. Despite all these lesions there was no evident CNS manifestation in the case. This implies that an association of CNS involvement in patients with GBS could be under estimated because some lesions can be clinically silent. The present study was an effort to evaluate central nervous system involvement in patients of GBS in Indian population because there is no study regarding the same performed in the India. In the view of known pathologic involvement of most proximal portion of peripheral nerves in GBS, the most likely cause of these BAEP abnormalities is focal demyelination of Schwann cell derived myelin sheath that covers the extramedullary portion of the auditory nerves. Prolongation I-III IPL indicative of lesion in the auditory nerve to medullary junction or lower pons around superior olive trapezoid body. The prolongation of I-V IPL suggests the abnormality of conduction of auditory signals from the proximal auditory nerve to the mesencephalon via pons. The findings of the study of BAEPs are comparable and show similarity with the results of study done by Zgorzalewicz M et. al. (2003)8 except there is an additional finding of IPL III-V prolongation in our study. In the study done by Schiff JA et. al. (1985)9 had also found prolonged I-III inter peak latencies (IPL) in five of six patients of GBS and I-V IPL in two of six patients, these results are comparable with the present study. Ropper AH et. al. (1986)10 also find the BAEP abnormality in the form of I-III and III-V IPL prolongation in patients of GBS, though that was not clinically significant. Whereas Nelson KR et. al. (1988)11, find the BAEPs abnormality in patients of GBS as prolongation of wave II latency and total absence of BAEM wave form in the early stage of disease and with the complaints of sudden onset of deafness, hearing improved with the recovery and BAEP abnormality of conduction block was replaced as a prolongation of wave I latency. After convalescent period BAEPs become normal. In present study there was no case present as similar complaint and BAEPs finding. Topcou M et. al. (1993)12 had performed evoked potential study in patients of GBS and found BAEPs and VEPs values were abnormal in some patients during early course of illness, though the values were not statistically significant. Wong V et. al. (1997)13 had found BAEPs abnormality in Miller Fischer syndrome (MFS), a variant of GBS. His findings of BAEPs abnormalities suggest proximal auditory nerve and brainstem involvement. CONCLUSION: Thus it can be concluded from our study that though often ignored, the central nervous system demyelination does occur in Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome (GBS) and the same can be assessed using evoked potentials like Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP). REFERENCES: Harrisons; Principle of internal medicine, 15th ed. McGraw-Hill 2001. Lobuz-Roszak B, Pierzchala K, Kapustecki J, GBS central nervous system symptoms, Neurol Neurochir Pol 2004 May-June; 38 (3) : 221-6. Maier H, Schmidbauer m, pfausler B et al., Central nervous system pathology in patients with the GBS, Brain, 1997 Mar, (pt 3); 451-64 Muller HD, Beckman A, Schroder JM, Inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord of patients with GBS, Acta Neropathol (Berl) , 2003 Dec, 106 (60 : 509-17 Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) : 842-3 Okumura A , Ushida H , Maruyama K et al., GBS associated with central nervous system lesions, Arch dis Child 2002 Apr ; 86 (4) : 304-6. Nadkarni N, Lisak Rp , GBS with bilateral optic neuritis and central white matter disease, Neurology, 1993 Apr, 43(4) : 842-3 Zgorzalewicz M Zielinska, Kilarski D. Brain stem auditory visual evoked potential in children adolescents with GBS, Neurol Neurochir Pol, 2004; 38(1Suppll): 531-7 Schiff JA , Cracco RQ, Cracco JB, Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology. 1985 May; 35 (5). Ropper AH, Chiappa KH, Evoked potentials in GBS, Neurology, 1986 Apr; 36(4): 587-90 Nelson KR , Gilmore RL, Massey A , Acoustic nerve conduction abnormalities in GBS ,Neurology, 1988 Aug ; 38(8): 1263-6 Topcu M, Ergin M, Nurlu G et al., Evoked potential in GBS, Turk J Pediator, 1993 Apr- Jun; 35 Wong V. A neurophysiological study in children with Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain Barre Syndrome. Brain Dev. 1997 Apr; 19(3): 197-204.

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers fc

Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winston Churchill was one of the most influential people in this century. He held many offices, jobs, and positions that greatly affected the life of the British, and the history of the world. In Blenheim Palace at Woodstock on November 30th, 1874, Winston Churchill was born.1 He grew up as the first child of Lord Randolph Churchill.2 Lord Randolph Churchill held a seat as a member of Parliament and was considered a notable politician.3 Churchill's mother, the former Miss Jennie Jerome, was an American, whose father was a newspaper proprietor.4 Being in politics, Lord Randolph and his family traveled much, and bonded rarely. Winston Churchill was a disappointment to his father in many ways. For these reasons, Winston and his father were never close.5 Since Winston did not spend much time with his parents, a nanny was hired to take care of him and his younger brother.6 Her name was Mrs. Everest and she lived with the Churchill family for many years.7 Winston turned to her for many things and always felt her important role, by showing him affection throughout his life.8 Throughout his childhood, Churchill was described as an untidy, mischievous child. He was sent to boarding school, where he was constantly doing badly in his schoolwork, and also getting into trouble. Even though Churchill did badly in many areas of school, it was noted that he had a phenomenal memory. When he was thirteen he won a prize for reciting 1,200 lines from Macauley's Last Days of Ancient Rome, without a mistake.9 Winston Churchill was an individualist. He disliked team games such as cricket or football. He did however, excel in fencing, which earned him a silver medal in a school competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After finishing school, Winston went on to fight in the British Army. He loved head-to-head combat, but rarely saw much of it at this time. He served in many places and with many regimens, but his love for active service never decreased. Throughout his war career Churchill went through many things, such as being captured by Rebel forces in Cuba. Churchill was sent to a POW camp, but after four weeks he managed to succeed in his goal of escaping the prison.10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While on duty Churchill sent articles to Newspapers and magazines. To earn money he wrote for the 'Morning Post'... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia 8.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 8 9.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg.10 10.) Donovan, Frank. Famous Twentieth Century Leaders (Dodd, Mead & Company. New York, 1964) Pg. 116 11.) Carter, Violet Bonham. Winston Churchill: An Intimate Portrait. Harcourt, Brace & World INC., New York, 1965. 12.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg.16 13.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 19 14.) 'Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill.'; http://tceplus.com/churchill.htm 15.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 26 16.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 31 17.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 40 18.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 43 Churchill 'talking about what to come in the future'; 19.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 62 20.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 62 21.) Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia 22.) Bailey, Eva, Churchill ( Landsdowne Place, 1981.)Pg. 65 General de Gaulle, on the death of Churchill.

Elizabeth Bishop’s poem “The Fish” Essay

* The Theme of ‘True’ Beauty or ‘Inner’ Beauty: Neither her battered boat nor the â€Å"venerable† old fish is beautiful in conventional terms. Their beauty lies in having survived, & when the speaker realizes this, â€Å"victory filled up / the little rented boat† & she understands that â€Å"everything / was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!† That is when she lets the fish return to his home in the water. The fish helps Bishop to notice true beauty: â€Å"The fish is only ugly or grotesque to the untrained or unempathic eye† (McCabe). The notion causes her to see other objects around her differently. Everything is a rainbow when she looks around. This feeling allows her to release the fish. The release, significant in its own sense, acknowledges Bishop’s respect for the fish. The poet, struck by the otherworldly beauty w/ which ordinary objects sometimes appear, as if cast in a color not their own, releases her concentrated gaze, & gives up both the poem & the fish. The composite image of the fish’s essential beauty–his being alive–is developed further in the description of the 5 fishhooks that the captive, living fish carries in his lip. * The Theme of Respect & Admiration: The admiration for the fish is ironic since he was detested when 1st caught. The relationship tween the fish & Bishop becomes even closer when she notices his lip. These broken fishing lines are the turning point tween her & the fish. Now, Bishop considers the catch an accomplishment. She sees evidence that 5 others have tried unsuccessfully to bring in this fish. The fish evolves into a majestic character She is able to use the description of the fish’s lip to evoke the idea of respect. The fish’s â€Å"beard† personifies him, characterizing him as intelligent. She values the fish because she realizes he has eluded other anglers. The ultimate respect is expressed w/ the fish’s release. Bishop knows the fish â€Å"†¦can’t be kept, but must be let go† (McCabe). Bishop recognizes that she will be able to hold the moment closer as a memory than by keeping the fish as a trophy. The real theme of Bishop’s poem is that of humanitarianism & respect for a fish’s lifelong  will to survive.

Carbon and Potassium Argon Dating essays

Carbon and Potassium Argon Dating essays There are two dating techniques I will quickly discuss. The first I will address is carbon dating, the second is Potassium-Argon dating. Carbon is used for the dating of once living material. To begin, there are three principle isotopes of carbon which occur naturally. These are C12, C13 and C14. Of these three, the first two are stable while the third is unstable, or radioactive which means it will slowly decay. The radiocarbon method is based on this decay or the rate of decay of the radioactive or unstable carbon isotope 14 (14C), which is formed in the upper atmosphere through the effect of cosmic ray neutrons upon nitrogen 14. The reaction is: (Where n is a neutron and p is a proton). Now, C14 is rapidly oxidized into 14CO2 which enters the planets animal life through photosynthesis and the animal food chain. C14 will also disperse into the oceans as dissolved carbonate. Since all life is made up of carbon, all life will intake carbon into the organism, in approximately the same natural ratios that C12, C13 and C14 exist in the atmosphere. These ratios remain steady until the organism dies. At which point its metabolism starts and C14 slowly begins to seep out (decay). This decay is what is measured. However radiocarbon dating is only usable for a dating span of about 1,000,000 years ago. Potassium-Argon dating is the only viable technique for dating very old archaelogical materials. This method has been used to date rocks up to 4 billion years old (almost the creation of the earth). Potassium-Argon dating is based on the fact that some of the radioactive isotope of Potassium-40 (K-40), decays to the gas Argon as Argon-40 (Ar-40). By comparing the ratios of K-40 to Ar-40 in a sample of volcanic rock when you know the decay rate of K-40, then date that the rock formed can be determined. This dating technique is possible because when rocks are heated to their melting point, any Ar-40 ...

Cold War Changes Between 1949 and 1950

Cold War Changes Between 1949 and 1950 Free Online Research Papers The cold war is the period which was marked by the tension and rivalry between the communist block and the capitalist block. The communist block included the superpower Soviet Union and its allies while the capitalist block included the United States of America and its allies. The rivalry between the two blocks involved situations such as proxy wars, in sports, ideology, military coalitions, industrial development, massive spending in defense, nuclear arms rivalry and technological development. The cold war began in the mid 1940s and ended in early 1990s after the collapse of Soviet Union. Cold war character change in 1949 and 1950 During the cold war, the USA and the soviet were allies against the Nazi Germany regime. There was opposing plans relating to the economic and political future after the Second World War. Also the dispute came as a result of the development and controlling of the nuclear weapon. Powaski, Ronald E (1998) This period was marked with the start of atomic age. The atomic bomb became a factor that was decisive and led to the strain of the relationship between USA and the Soviet Union. In 1949 the Soviet Union tested its own atomic bomb whose resemblance was almost to that of America plutonium weapon. The USA tested its hydrogen bomb at the same period and it was by far more powerful than the atomic bomb. Also the superpowers increased their military capacity to defend themselves against each other. At this period there was the development of McCarthyism which came about as a result of great anti communism suspicion. There was a rise of fear of the communism infiltration and influence on American institutions and spying by the soviet agents. Many Americans accused of colluding with the communists were made to face thorough investigation and some ended in jail. Powaski, Ronald E (1998) The Soviet Union established the Eastern Europe governments that were supportive of its policies. The increase of the communism influence in countries like Poland and Hungary led to the USA coming with policies to contain this influence. The USA tried to use financial aid to these states and in certain incidences it tried to advocate for regime change in these countries. The cold war politics dominated the USA foreign policy .The increased concern that communism may infiltrate into Greece and Turkey led to Truman doctrine. Its aim was to prevent these countries becoming communists and it was through offering of economic and military aid. There was also increased economic aid package to Western Europe whose aim was for reconstruction. John Lewis Gaddis (1997) During this period, Mao Zedong‘s communist army took the control of the mainland china despite the fact that there was large financial support was offered to opposing Kuomintang by the united states. This occurred in 1949.In 1950 the Korean War began whereby the USA, UN and South Korea took arms against communist from North Korea and china. John Lewis Gaddis (1997) Key action by the Soviet Union and China during the Cold War The Soviet Union and china were communist countries while the USA was a capitalist state. Both groups of the countries had their ideology which they wanted to use to influence in the global perspective. John Lewis Gaddis (1997) The developing of the atomic weapons played a centre role in the cold war .In 1949; the Soviet Union developed their successful atomic bomb after testing it. This increased the Soviet Union tension with the USA.The USA developed the hydrogen bomb which was more superior to the atomic bomb. Walter Lafeber (2002) The Soviet Union and china endeared themselves as the crusader of the working class and the peasants while stating that the unite states of America were imperialists. This ideology was well taken in some countries. This in effect led to the increase of financial aid by theUSA to the poor countries so as to regain their confidence. Walter Lafeber (2002) The influence of communism was taking root in the Eastern Europe countries. The possibility of the communists taking over Greece and Turkey was high. To prevent communism infiltrating into these countries, the USA adopted the Truman doctrine which led to increased economic and military aid .Also the United States offered financial aid to the Western Europe states. Walter Lafeber (2002) In the Korean War, china and the Soviet Union supported communist North Korea in war against South Korea. In this case the USA responded by supporting the capitalistic south Korea militarily. Also the intention by the Soviet Union to take over Berlin was met with increased of the USA combat military in Western Europe in readiness for war. USA armed its Western Europe allies with nuclear weapon Barker A.J (1974) Effect of Korea war on USA domestic politics and diplomacy One of the USA foreign policy is in the deployment of its military forces to other countries .The aim is to enhance its defense and to protect its interest in other countries and that of its allies. After the Korea war, the USA has maintained the presence of troops in South Korea to protect it against possible attack from North Korea. There has been a flurry of diplomatic activities between USA, South Korea, North Korea and china to solve this crisis. Currently there are a lot of diplomatic activities to persuade North Korea to stop developing nuclear weapon and this has been a global concern. Barker A.J (1974) The chaotic Korea war affected the USA domestic politics. During the war, there were much causality and there was no replacement for the soldiers. It led to integration of the black soldiers into the mainstream forces. The black soldiers fought hard and bravely and as a result democrat president Trauman came with a policy that was against discrimination. This programme was politically motivated and was to ensure the democrats get all the black votes especially in the southern states.Trauman won another term in office and this was as a result of the Korean War. Barker A.J (1974) Reference . Barker A.J (1974): Fortune favors the brave: The Battle of the hook, Korea 1953.London: Leocooper Walter Lafeber (2002): America, Russia and the cold war, 1945-1992: Macmillan John Lewis Gaddis (1997): We now know. Rethinking the cold war: Oxford university press. Powaski, Ronald E (1998): The cold war, the United States and Soviet Union, 1917-1991: Macmillan Research Papers on Cold War Changes Between 1949 and 1950Appeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Obama Healthcare plan vs. Clinton Healthcare plan Essay

Obama Healthcare plan vs. Clinton Healthcare plan - Essay Example Since Hillary has no mechanism for enforcing the individual mandate she proposes, Obama regards the mandate as a bluff. John Edwards, whose plan includes mechanism for enforcing the individual mandate that he has proposed, supported Obama’s criticism of Hillary and Hillary’s criticism of Obama. In the Edward’s proposal, proof of insurance will be required when income taxes are paid and when health care is provided. Thus, Americans will be compelled to buy health insurance. The Edward’s plans make provision for families without insurance and those that lose coverage. The former will be enrolled in plans such as Medicare and Medicaid while the later will be enrolled in other plans. The issue is not enrolling people in private health care plan but getting people to participate in the plan. Thus, the Obama plan makes perfect sense given that it resist individual mandate, which may be unattractive to a large number of people and may not easily be enforced. The President’s Medicare Plan: A Trojan Horse to Ration Health Care? Medicare, with $30.8 trillion in long term unfunded obligations, could cease to exist if the runaway cost is not reined in. The problem is how Medicare cost should be controlled. Two options are available: changing the structure and culture of Medicare through empowering patients to make health care decisions that lead to best results, in addition to forcing plans and providers to compete for the money; and top-down bureaucratic control of the cost of health care services. Of course, these options will reduce the cost but will simultaneously reduce the quality of health care. The first option, which was taken by Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan, has been described to give Medicare patients control over cost of services and freedom to choose how they access these services. The result according to Heritage’s Robert Moffit and James Capretta is value in return for the dollars. President Obama opted for th e second option: tightening the top-down bureaucracy and reducing Medicare payment to doctors and hospitals, in addition to reducing providers’ reimbursement rates. This option leads to reduced senior access to doctors. Under the second option, the Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB) will be strengthened to rein in cost of Medicare while improving the quality of care. The White House planned to equip IPAB to promote prevention without shifting cost to seniors. Though reducing doctors’ salaries will reduce Medicare cost as envisioned by the second option, according to British Physician Anthony Daniels strengthening IPAB to focus on prevention will be unsuccessful at addressing the fiscal problem The fact that Congress continues to delay in reducing doctors salaries suggests that the second option is not politically attractive. Pursuing health care reforms that put bureaucrats in charges will reduce patient access to care. The second option should be repealed to av oid such outcome. Will Obama’s health care plan mirror the 1994 Clinton failure? Former President Bill Clinton key policy plan in 1994 was a

Written Assignment 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Written Assignment 2 - Term Paper Example More to this, the recruitment process does not allow for the integration of diverse skills as the organization considers employees from only two sources. Allowing managers to set their own interview questions introduces bias in the interview process, because the questions may not reflect the overall goals of the organization. The human resourced department also gets many interruptions from the other departments. The president, for example, influences the recruitment process, and managers dictate the payment terms of a number of employees. One of the major concerns in this company pertains to the recruitment of staff from two main sources. Given that one of the sources relate to the President’s former University, handling the issue may be a challenge, due to the involvement of top management in the recruitment process. Therefore, the director may be compelled to face the president intent on changing the unhealthy recruitment process. This practice inhibits diversity of the organization as it concentrates on two types of employees who have the same orientation, thus hindering creativity and innovation in the organization (Shaheen, 2010). Creativity and innovation in an organization boosts the competitiveness of an organization. Consequently, absence of such aspects in the organization may hinder the organization from reaching its potential. The second issue facing this company relates to the way employees get rewarded. Managers determine the compensation of some employees, without considering their education, experience, as well as geographic region. This results in imbalances in the reward system, which may hinder the morale of the workers when they compare their salaries with that of their peers (â€Å"Vanderbilt University†, 2014). Managers cause this problem by discriminating among employees. They favor a number of the employees at the expense of the others, which leads to internal inequity in the